States and Their Dates of Admission to the Union

States and Their Dates of Admission to the Union The thirteen original colonies in North America could officially be admitted to the United States after the U.S. Constitution was written and signed by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention, on Sep. 17, 1787. Article IV, Section 3 of that document reads: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The main part of this article grants the U.S. Congress the right to admit new states. The process usually involves Congress passing an enabling act that authorizes a territory to convene a constitutional convention, draft a constitution, and formally apply for admission. Then, assuming they meet any conditions set forward in the enabling act, Congress accepts or denies their new status.   Between Dec. 7, 1787, and May 29, 1790, each of the colonies became states. Since that time, 37 additional states have been added. Not all states were territories before they became states, however. Three of the new states were independent sovereign states at the time they were admitted (Vermont, Texas, and California), and three were carved out of existing states (Kentucky, part of Virginia; Maine part of Massachusetts; West Virginia out of Virginia). Hawaii was a sovereign state between 1894 and 1898 before it became a territory.   Five states were added during the 20th century. The last states to be added to the US were Alaska and Hawaii in 1959. The following table lists each state with the date it entered the union, and its status before they were states. States and Their Dates of Admission to the Union State Status Before Statehood Date Admitted to the Union 1 Delaware Colony Dec. 7, 1787 2 Pennsylvania Colony Dec. 12, 1787 3 New Jersey Colony Dec. 18, 1787 4 Georgia Colony Jan. 2, 1788 5 Connecticut Colony Jan. 9, 1788 6 Massachusetts Colony Feb. 6, 1788 7 Maryland Colony April 28, 1788 8 South Carolina Colony May 23, 1788 9 New Hampshire Colony June 21, 1788 10 Virginia Colony June 25, 1788 11 New York Colony July 26, 1788 12 North Carolina Colony Nov. 21, 1789 13 Rhode Island Colony May 29, 1790 14 Vermont Independent republic, established January 1777 March 4, 1791 15 Kentucky Part of Virginia state June 1,1792 16 Tennessee Territory establishedMay 26, 1790 June 1, 1796 17 Ohio Territory established July 13, 1787 March 1, 1803 18 Louisiana Territory, established July 4, 805 April 30, 1812 19 Indiana Territory established July 4, 1800 Dec.11, 1816 20 Mississippi Territory established April 7, 1798 Dec.10, 1817 21 Illinois Territory established March 1, 1809 Dec.3, 1818 22 Alabama Territory established March 3, 1817 Dec.14, 1819 23 Maine Part of Massachusetts March 15, 1820 24 Missouri Territory established June 4, 1812 Aug. 10, 1821 25 Arkansas Territory established March 2, 1819 June 15, 1836 26 Michigan Territory established June 30, 1805 Jan. 26, 1837 27 Florida Territory established March 30, 1822 March 3, 1845 28 Texas Independent republic, March 2, 1836 Dec.29, 1845 29 Iowa Territory established July 4, 1838 Dec.28, 1846 30 Wisconsin Territory established July 3, 1836 May 26, 1848 31 California Independent republic, June 14, 1846 Sept. 9, 1850 32 Minnesota Territory established March 3, 1849 May 11, 1858 33 Oregon Territory established Aug. 14, 1848 Feb. 14, 1859 34 Kansas Territory established May 30, 1854 Jan. 29, 1861 35 West Virginia Part of Virginia June 20, 1863 36 Nevada Territory established March 2, 1861 October 31, 1864 37 Nebraska Territory established May 30, 1854 March 1, 1867 38 Colorado Territory established Feb. 28, 1861 Aug. 1, 1876 39 North DakotaTT Territory established March 2, 1861 Nov. 2, 1889 40 South Dakota Territory established March 2, 1861 Nov. 2, 1889 41 Montana Territory established May 26, 1864 Nov. 8, 1889 42 Washington Territory established March 2, 1853 Nov. 11, 1889 43 Idaho Territory established March 3, 1863 July 3, 1890 44 Wyoming Territory established July 25, 1868 July 10, 1890 45 Utah Territory established Sep. 9, 1850 Jan. 4, 1896 46 Oklahoma Territory established May 2, 1890 Nov. 16, 1907 47 New Mexico Territory established Sep. 9, 1950 Jan. 6, 1912 48 Arizona Territory established Feb. 24, 1863 Feb. 14, 1912 49 Alaska Territory established Aug. 24, 1912 Jan. 3, 1959 50 Hawaii Territory established Aug. 12, 1898 Aug. 21, 1959 U.S. Territories There are currently 16 territories owned by the United States, mostly islands in the Pacific ocean or Caribbean Sea, most of which are uninhabited and administered as wildlife refuges by the US Fish and Wildlife Services or as military outposts. United States territories with inhabitants include American Samoa (established 1900), Guam (1898), the 24 Northern Marianas islands (today a commonwealth, established 1944), Puerto Rico (a commonwealth, 1917), U.S. Virgin Islands (1917), and Wake Island (1899). Sources and Further Reading Biber, Eric, and Thomas B. Colby. The Admissions Clause. National Constitution Center.Immerwahr, Daniel. How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019.  Lawson, Gary, and Guy Seidman. The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.  Mack, Doug. The Not-Quite States of America: Dispatches from the Territories and Other Far-Flung Outposts of the USA. W. W. Norton, 2017.The last time Congress created a new state. Constitution Daily. The National Constitution Center, March 12, 2019.

Definition and Observations of Phonetics

Definition and Observations of Phonetics Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the sounds of speech and their production, combination, description, and representation by written symbols. Adjective: phonetic.  Pronounced [fah-NET-iks].  From the Greek, sound, voice A linguist who specializes in phonetics is known as a phonetician. As discussed below, the boundaries between the disciplines of phonetics and phonology arent always sharply defined. Examples and Observations of Phonetics Linguistics contributes to phonetics its phonological understanding of the distinctive patterns that make up the coded, conventional aspects of speech which differentiate individual words and other units of spoken language. Phonetics contributes to linguistics its phonetic understanding of the production and perception of the detailed artefacts of speech that embody those significant phonological patterns. Each contribution is complemented by the other. The Study of Phonemes In any language we can identify a small number of regularly used sounds (vowels and consonants) that we call phonemes; for example, the vowels in the words pin and pen are different phonemes, and so are the consonants at the beginning of the words pet and bet. Because of the notoriously confusing nature of English spelling, it is particularly important to learn to think of English pronunciation in terms of phonemes rather than letters of the alphabet; one must be aware, for example, that the word enough begins with the same vowel phoneme as that at the beginning of inept and ends with the same consonant as stuff. Phonetics and the Brain Until recently, we knew little about what is going on in the brain when people are speaking, and this is why the science of phonetics has concentrated on the three central components of the speech chain, where observation of what is going on is fairly straightforward. However, our understanding of how the brain works in speech communications has grown enormously in recent years. One of the most significant advances in recent research has been the development of safe and accurate brain-scanning techniques that can show us the activities of different parts of the brain when someone is speaking or listening to speech... Experimental Phonetics Phonetics is the study of speech. Traditionally, phoneticians have relied on their ears and eyes, and their awareness of their own vocal organs, to study pronunciation. Increasingly, however, they have been using instruments of various types to supplement the information they derive from their own sensations. Experimental phonetics, as the term is commonly used, includes any investigation of speech by means of instruments. It is understood here that the instruments are used to visualize some aspect of the speech event, and possibly also to provide a basis for measurements. For example, a tape recording for the purpose of repeated listening does not fall within the scope of experimental phonetics, but if the tape recording is fed into a computer and used to produce an acoustic analysis, the activity would be described as an experimental investigation. The Phonetics-Phonology Interface Phonetics interfaces with phonology in three ways. First, phonetics defines distinctive features. Second, phonetics explains many phonological patterns. These two interfaces constitute what has come to be called the substantive grounding of phonology. Sources John Laver, Linguistic Phonetics.  The Handbook of Linguistics, ed.  by Mark Aronoff and Janie Rees-Miller. Blackwell, 2001Peter Roach,  English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009(Peter Roach,  Phonetics. Oxford University Press, 2001)Katrina Hayward,  Experimental Phonetics: An Introduction. Routledge, 2014